I. COURT OF APPEAL — 7 November 1899 — STATE REPRESENTATIVE v. MUHAMMAD HASSAN ALI BADRE AND OTHERS. II. TRIBUNAL OF BENI SUEF — 15 November 1899 — STATE REPRESENTATIVE v. ABDUL BAKI ID AND OTHERS. — (P. C. Art. 215) Participation in criminal offence—Common intention—Essential elements of offence—Assault and battery—Effects. When several persons in pursuance of a preconcerted agreement assault several others, and some of the latter are killed while others suffer injuries varying in gravity, the offence committed by each aggressor is one and the same, and all the persons who participate therein render themselves liable to punishment under one and the same provision of the criminal law. On the contrary, in the absence of a preconcerted agreement (as in the case of a brawl suddenly arising) each aggressor is responsible only for his own acts and for the injuries which he personally inflicts. In the case of a prosecution under C. P. Art. 215, the preconcerted agreement above referred to consists in the common intention to commit an assault, since the element essential to constitute the offence is the intentional commission of an assault, the fact that death is thereby occasioned being merely a circumstance increasing the gravity of the offence.